| 1 |
Author(s):
Abdul Rahman, Namita Singh, Iqra Bano, Dr. Devesh Katiyar, Mr. Gorav Goyal.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Computer Science
Page No:
1-7 |
AI Enabled Drone for Real Time Criminal Identification and Alerting
Abstract
This paper introduces a contemporary design for an AI powered surveillance drone that can identify individuals suspected of criminal activities in real time. The study examines technological advancements in areas such as drone based monitoring, facial recognition systems, and autonomous navigation technologies. Based on this analysis, two system configurations are proposed. The first is a cost effective model built using Raspberry Pi, mainly intended for academic research and prototype development. The second is a more advanced and powerful version developed with NVIDIA Jetson technology, suitable for use by government bodies and security organizations. The proposed drone system is capable of functioning both online and offline, allowing continuous operation even in areas with limited network access. In addition, the paper addresses important ethical and legal aspects to ensure user privacy and responsible used is said to have occurred in1849 when implementation of the technology.
| 2 |
Author(s):
विवेक शर्मा, प्रो. रक्षा सिंह .
Country:
India
Research Area:
Economics
Page No:
8-15 |
आत्मनिर्भर भारत के संदर्भ में वस्त्र उद्योग एवं कुटीर उद्योग का ग्रामीण स्तर पर विकास: संभावनाएँ, चुनौतियाँ एवं नीतिगत विश्लेषण
Abstract
सारांश
वर्तमान समय में “आत्मनिर्भर भारत” की अवधारणा भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के पुनर्निर्माण और मजबूतीकरण का एक प्रमुख आधार बनकर उभरी है। इस दृष्टिकोण में वस्त्र उद्योग, विशेषकर खादी एवं कुटीर उद्योग, ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को सशक्त बनाने के महत्वपूर्ण साधन के रूप में देखे जा रहे हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य यह विश्लेषण करना है कि क्या कुटीर एवं वस्त्र उद्योगों को ग्राम स्तर पर विकसित कर भारत को आत्मनिर्भर बनाया जा सकता है।
यह अध्ययन द्वितीयक आंकड़ों पर आधारित है, जिसमें विभिन्न सरकारी शोध पत्रों तथा संबंधित साहित्य का विश्लेषण किया गया है। अध्ययन में यह पाया गया कि कुटीर उद्योग न केवल ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रोजगार सृजन का एक प्रभावी माध्यम हैं, बल्कि वे स्थानीय संसाधनों के समुचित उपयोग, महिला सशक्तिकरण तथा समावेशी विकास को भी प्रोत्साहित करते हैं।
इसके साथ ही, शोध में यह भी स्पष्ट हुआ कि इन उद्योगों के समक्ष वित्तीय संसाधनों की कमी, तकनीकी पिछड़ापन, विपणन संबंधी समस्याएँ तथा नीतिगत कमियाँ प्रमुख बाधाएँ हैं। यदि इन चुनौतियों का समाधान किया जाए और उचित नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप किए जाएँ, तो कुटीर एवं वस्त्र उद्योग आत्मनिर्भर भारत के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकते हैं।
निष्कर्ष यह कहा जा सकता है कि ग्रामीण स्तर पर कुटीर उद्योगों का स्थिर विकास न केवल आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भरता की दिशा में एक सशक्त कदम है, बल्कि यह सामाजिक और क्षेत्रीय संतुलन को भी सुनिश्चित करता है।
| 3 |
Author(s):
बेनथंगलो एन जामी, डॉ. मुन्नी चौधरी.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Hindi
Page No:
16-23 |
मौन और स्वर की राजनीति: ईस्टरिन किरे के कथा-साहित्य और आओ जनजाति की मौखिक परम्परा में लैंगिक अभिव्यक्ति का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन
Abstract
यह लेख ईस्टरीन किरे के साहित्यिक लेखन और नागालैंड, पूर्वोत्तर भारत की आओ नागा समुदाय की मौखिक‑सांस्कृतिक परंपराओं का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करता है, जिसमें मौन और स्वर की लैंगिक संरचना पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है। उत्तर‑औपनिवेशिक स्त्रीवादी सिद्धांत विशेषकर गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पिवाक द्वारा उपवंचित (सबल्टर्न) वाणी की पड़ताल के आधार पर यह शोध यह विश्लेषण करता है कि किरे की महिला पात्र किस प्रकार सांस्कृतिक रूप से आरोपित मौन और उभरते आत्म‑अभिव्यक्ति के रूपों के बीच संवाद स्थापित करती हैं।
अओ नागा समुदाय की मौखिक परंपरा के संदर्भ में, जहाँ स्त्रियों की आवाज़ें लोककथाओं में संरक्षित भी हैं और पितृसत्तात्मक अनुष्ठानों द्वारा सीमित भी l इसलिए, यह लेख तर्क देता है कि साहित्यिक और मौखिक दोनों ही अभिलेख लैंगिक अभिव्यक्ति की जटिल राजनीति को उद्घाटित करते हैं। इन पाठों में मौन केवल अनुपस्थिति नहीं है, बल्कि तनाव, प्रतिरोध और कभी‑कभी स्वायत्तता का परिप्रेक्ष्य है। तुलनात्मक रूपरेखा यह स्पष्ट करती है कि नागा साहित्यिक कल्पना में आदिवासी स्त्रियों की आवाज़ें लिखित और मौखिक दोनों माध्यमों में दमन और सृजनात्मक पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया से गुजरती हैं।
| 4 |
Author(s):
Naeem Majeed, Dr. Rajinder Singh Ahluwalia.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
24-34 |
Terraforming the Postcolonial Subject: A Critique of Clones, Neo-Colonial Power, and Identity crises in Imperial Earth
Abstract
The research paper expounds a postcolonial study of Arthur C. Clarke’s Imperial Earth (1975), installing the novel as an unacknowledged yet consequential work within postcolonial science fiction. Applying the theoretical frameworks from key postcolonial scholars such as Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Frantz Fanon, and Gayatri Spivak, the study scrutinizes the novel’s depiction of colonial power dynamics, identity crises, and neo-colonial exploitation, emphasised through the dystopian setting of Titan’s colonization. Through the protagonist, Duncan Makenzie, the novel manifests the psychological and cultural struggles of a postcolonial subject, entangled between the hegemony of Earth and the marginalization of Titan. His journey embodies Fanonian trauma, Bhabha’s Third Space, and Spivak’s subaltern, demonstrating the fragmented selfhood of colonial subjects.
The paper further critiques Titan’s hydrogen-based economy as a metaphor for neo-colonial power dynamics and resource extraction, encapsulating historical colonial exploitation in colonial terrains. The cloning subplot is unveiled as an embodiment of cultural reproduction, mimicry and third space, underscoring the inherent discrepancy and hybridity of postcolonial identity. Clarke’s narrative adventitiously critiques imperial hierarchies, offering a speculative but vibrant commentary on the persisting legacies of colonialism. Through its interdisciplinary approach, the study accentuates Imperial Earth’s significance as a contrapuntal text that bridges imperial heritage with postcolonial critique in science fiction.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Naeem Majeed, Dr. Rajinder Singh Ahluwalia.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
35-47 |
The Island of Heterotopia: Scientific Racism, Colonial Violence, and the Manufacture of the Colonial Subject
Abstract
The research paper undertakes a postcolonial reconsideration of H.G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896), arguing that the novel functions as a cogent allegory for the violence, racial hierarchies, and ideological justifications of European colonialism. Proceeding beyond conventional readings of the text as a Gothic fable of scientific hubris, the study investigates Dr. Moreau’s vivisection experiments as a direct metaphor for the colonial ‘civilizing mission’ and the structured dehumanization of marginalised people. The study substantiates how the forced metamorphosis of animals into the human-like ‘Beast Folk,’ their imposed mimicry of human law, and their eventual rebellion potentially align with the historical processes of psychological trauma, cultural erasure, and anti-colonial resistance.
Implementing the theoretical frameworks of prominent postcolonial theorists, the paper explores the engagement of the novel with anthropological othering, pseudoscientific racism, and the epistemic violence ingrained in colonial knowledge production. It argues how Moreau’s laboratory on the isolated island serves as a heterotopia of deviation, a microcosm of the colonial domain where the application of scientific discourse conceals an agenda of brutal domination and subjugation. Ultimately, this study reclaims The Island of Dr. Moreau as an influential, but often undervalued, work of anti-colonial literature that unwraps the grotesque realities and racial hierarchies cloaked by the discourse of progress and enlightenment cardinal to the Victorian colonial enterprise.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Tapas Roy, Mithun Das, Dr. Rajesh Das.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Library and Information Science
Page No:
48-55 |
Understanding Generation Z: Information Needs and Behavior in the Digital Age
Abstract
Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012), has been represents the first truly digital-native generation. Their information needs and seeking behavior have been profoundly shaped by rapid technological advancements, social media, and instant access to digital content. This research paper has been find out the characteristics, information needs, and behavioral patterns of 150 Gen Z students in the digital era. It highlights their preference for personalized, fast, and multimedia-rich information, as well as their reliance on mobile devices and artificial intelligence tools. The study also explained the challenges e.g. information overload, misinformation, and reduced attention spans. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for libraries and information institutions to redesign services to align with Gen Z expectations.
| 7 |
Author(s):
नलिनी गोवर्धन बनसोड, लवकुमार चिमनसिंग हारामी, राजेश मधुकर सोनकुसरे.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Humanities
Page No:
56-64 |
भारतीय समाज सुधारकों के कार्य: सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक प्रभाव
Abstract
सारांशः
भारतीय समाज में प्राचीन काल से ही सामाजिक असमानता, अंधविश्वास, जातिगत भेदभाव और लिंग भेदभाव जैसी समस्याएँ रही हैं। 19वीं और 20वीं शताब्दी में, भारतीय समाज सुधारकों ने मध्यकालीन भारतीय समाज को आधुनिक बनाने और असमानता के खिलाफ लड़ने के लिए कार्य किये। भारतीय समाज सुधारकों ने असमानता, अंधविश्वास, जातिगत भेदभाव और लिंग भेदभाव जैसी सामाजिक समस्याओं से लड़कर समाज की समग्र प्रगति के लिए महत्वपूर्ण कार्य किया है। राजा राममोहन राय, महात्मा ज्योतिराव फुले, सावित्रीबाई फुले, डॉ. बाबासाहेब अम्बेडकर जैसे सुधारकों ने शिक्षा, लैंगिक समानता, अस्पृश्यता उन्मूलन और सामाजिक न्याय के लिए महत्वपूर्ण क्रांतिकारी कार्य किये।
इस शोध पत्र में भारतीय समाज सुधारकों के कार्यों का सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक क्षेत्र पर प्रभाव का अध्ययन किया गया है। उनके प्रयासों से समाज में जागरूकता पैदा हुई, शिक्षा का प्रसार हुआ और महिलाओं तथा वंचित वर्गों को सशक्त बनाया गया। साथ ही, उनके कार्यो ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन को मजबूत किया और लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को स्थापित किया।
इस शोध का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह जांचना है कि सती प्रथा, विधवा विवाह, महिला शिक्षा और अस्पृश्यता उन्मूलन जैसे सामाजिक आंदोलनों ने कैसे भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के लिए एक मजबूत नैतिक आधार तैयार किया। सामाजिक समानता के बिना राजकीय स्वातंत्र्यता अपूर्ण है, यह विचार इन सुधारकों ने प्रस्तूत किये।
| 8 |
Author(s):
Dr. Suhasini.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Sanskrit
Page No:
65-75 |
निर्वचन की प्रकिया और यास्क
Abstract
यास्क का निर्वचन विषयक ग्रन्थ भारतीय शास्त्रीय परम्परा में ऋग्वैदिक काल से विद्यमान निर्वचन की शैली के बीज का पूर्ण पल्लवन है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में यास्क के पूर्ववर्ती निर्वचन की परम्परा के कालक्रमिक इतिहास पर परिचर्चा पूर्वक यास्क के ‘निरुक्त’ में उसके पूर्ण विकास को प्रदर्शित करते हुये आचार्य यास्क के निर्वचन विषयक सिद्धान्तों पर उदाहारण पूर्वक विस्तृत चर्चा की गयी हैं। ‘निर्वचन’ शब्द का शब्दशास्त्र के पारिभाषिक अर्थ में सर्वप्रथम देवताध्याय ब्राह्मण में उल्लेख है। इससे पूर्व अथर्ववेद (९.८.१०) में निरवोचम् तथा याजुष काठक (६.५), मैत्रायणी संहिता (१.११.९), शाङ्खायन (८.३) आदि प्राचीन ब्राह्मणों में ‘निरुक्त’ शब्द का प्रयोग अपने यौगिक अर्थ में हुआ है उपनिष। वैदिक वाङ्मय मे निर्वचन शब्द का प्रयोग शब्द के विश्लेषण करने वाले शास्त्र के अर्थ में भले न हुआ हो किन्तु ऋग्वेद के मन्त्रों में ही हमें अनेकानेक शब्दों का निर्वचन तथा व्युत्पत्तिपरक विश्लेषण प्राप्त होने लगता है। ऋग्वेद के बाद अथर्ववेद संहिता में निर्वचन की शैली में कुछ विकास हुआ है। अथर्ववेद में क्रिया को नाम के हेतु के रूप में स्पष्ट रूप से कहा गया है, जबकि ऋग्वेद में शब्द के साथ धातु रख देने मात्र से निर्वचन मान लिया जाता है। निर्वचन की तकनीक ब्राह्मण ग्रन्थों में पूर्णविकसित हो चुकी थी। ब्राह्मण ग्रन्थों के दश लक्षणों में से एक निर्वचन भी है। उपनिषद् तथा पुराण ग्रन्थ यत्र तत्र व्याख्यान में निर्वचन का आश्रय लेते हैं। इसी निर्वचन की शैली का पूर्ण विकास यास्क के निरुक्त में दिखता है। यास्क द्वारा प्रदर्शित इस निर्वचन शैली का भारतीय वाङ्मय में विधेय शास्त्र के पारिभाषिक शब्दों के व्याख्यान के लिये एक तकनीक के रूप में प्रयोग प्रत्येक शास्त्र में हुआ है।
| 9 |
Author(s):
Deepanshu Singh, Kartikey Tiwari.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Computer Science
Page No:
76-83 |
Crop Harvest Prediction Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning: An Integrated Framework
Abstract
Accurate estimation of the optimal harvest date (OHD) is critical for maximising crop yields and grain quality. This paper presents a machine learning pipeline that uses real soil and climate agronomic data alongside simulated Sentinel-2 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series to classify crop types and compute an Extended Harvest Readiness Index (HRI) for four major crops: Maize, Wheat, Rice, and Cotton. NDVI time-series are modelled using the double-logistic phenology model (Zhang et al., 2003), with parameters derived from published Sentinel-2 field studies (Zhong et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2019). Five NDVI-derived features are extracted per field sample: peak NDVI, day of peak NDVI, NDVI at harvest date, season-integrated NDVI, and the rate of NDVI decline during senescence. Four classifiers are evaluated — Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), Support Vector Machine (SVM with RBF kernel), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) — on both tabular-only and NDVI-augmented feature sets. The best-performing model, Random Forest, achieves 100% test accuracy on tabular features and maintains this accuracy with NDVI augmentation. The Extended HRI combines model confidence, temperature suitability, and NDVI-based senescence indicators into a single actionable readiness score. Key findings confirm that NDVI characteristics — particularly ndvi_peak and ndvi_peak_doy — rank among the most important features, supporting the value of remote sensing augmentation for precision agriculture. Keywords: crop classification, remote sensing, ndvi phenology, harvest readiness, machine learning, random forest, sentinel-2
| 10 |
Author(s):
Dr. Gaurav Dongre.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Social Science
Page No:
84-92 |
NATO Expansion and the Security Dilemma: Reassessing European Security Architecture in the Context of the Russia–Ukraine Conflict
Abstract
The article explores the consequences of NATO enlargement on the European security order in terms of the security dilemma, specifically in the context of the Russia–Ukraine conflict. It suggests that despite being touted as a defensive and stabilising initiative designed to promote democracy and collective security, NATO expansion has also created insecurity by fuelling threat perceptions in Russia. The analysis employs a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative discourse analysis with quantitative measures such as military spending and conflict data to map the causal link between NATO expansion, perception of threat in Russia and escalation of conflict. As discussed in the analytical framework, the combination of structural power dynamics, identity-based narratives and institutional processes has created a security dilemma. The results of this study indicate that NATO expansion has played a role in the escalation of the security dilemma by provoking a series of mutual strategic moves, thereby raising the likelihood of conflict escalation rather than contributing to stability. The conclusion of the paper is that European security is still dependent on the combination of deterrence and effective de-escalation and institutional inclusion.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Deepa Kumari, Dr. Malay Bharti, Richa Kumari.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Botany
Page No:
93-106 |
Fern and Fern Ally Diversity in Dalma Hills, Jharkhand: Ecological, Taxonomic, and Conservation Perspectives
Abstract
Pteridophytes, comprising ferns and their allies, represent one of the oldest lineages of vascular plants, with nearly 12,000 species worldwide, grouped into about 300 genera and 48 families (PPG I, 2016). In India, they form a vital component of forest ecosystems, particularly in the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and the Chhotanagpur plateau, where diverse microhabitats sustain rich assemblages (Khullar, 1994; Manickam & Irudayaraj, 1992). Jharkhand, though less explored compared to other regions, has revealed considerable diversity in earlier surveys from Ranchi and Latehar districts, which documented 27 species across 13 families (Bharti & Pravesh, 2010). The present study extends this knowledge to Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, an eco sensitive zone in Saraikela Kharsawan and East Singhbhum districts. Systematic surveys conducted between 2023 and 2025 recorded 16 species belonging to 10 genera under 8 families. Species richness was concentrated in mid altitude zones, shaded ravines, moist stream margins, and epiphytic niches, underscoring the ecological potential of Dalma as a refuge for uncommon and medicinally significant taxa (Ghosh, Mallick, & Paik, 2026). Ethnobotanical interviews revealed traditional uses of Hemionitis tenuifolia for wounds and skin ailments, Lygodium flexuosum for respiratory disorders, and Marsilea minuta as a dietary vegetable (Singh, 2008; Roy Chowdhury & Yadav, 2025; Saha, 2024). However, the sanctuary’s fragile habitats face mounting threats. Mining, deforestation, grazing, soil removal, and unregulated tourism are rapidly altering the ecological balance, posing risks of extinction to rare and unexplored species (Bharti & Pravesh, 2010). These pressures highlight the urgent need for conservation measures that go beyond boundary protection. Conservation in Dalma must adopt a bio cultural rescue approach, integrating ecological preservation with traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. Ex situ strategies such as spore banks and cryopreservation, alongside in situ habitat protection, are essential to safeguard threatened taxa (Fraser Jenkins, 2008). Protecting Dalma’s fern diversity is not only vital for maintaining ecological integrity but also for preserving cultural heritage and ensuring that this unique repository of pteridophytes continues to contribute to biodiversity resilience in eastern India.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Dr. Jyoti Prakash.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
107-112 |
Ecofeminism in the Writings of Jane Austen
Abstract
Generally, read as a story of courtship, manners, property and social morality, Jane Austen novels nonetheless have a certain but significant ecological awareness. In this paper, titled, Ecofeminism in the Writings of Jane Austen, we will look at how the fictional world of Jane Austen is connected to the lives of women and to land, nature, domestic space, and ownership. Ecofeminism asserts that oppression of women and exploitation of nature are usually caused by the same patriarchal systems. This relationship is followed through treatment of estates, landscapes, gardens, houses, and rural environments all of which determine female identity and social possibility. Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma, among others, demonstrate that nature is not simply a decorative subject but a moral and social space within which women negotiate freedom, restraint, desire, and dignity. The paper looks at the way Austen introduces the theme of women as being highly influenced by issues of property, inheritance, enclosure, class privilege and the confinement beyond four walls. Her heroines also traverse gardens, parks, drawing rooms and country estates that are both beautiful and controlled. The walk taken by Elizabeth Bennet through countryside, the sensitivity of Fanny Price to the moral ambiance of Mansfield, and the emotional responsiveness of Marianne Dashwood to natural landscapes, all indicate that nature is a silent companion to female experience. Simultaneously, Austen reveals the similarity of land and women as being prized in systems of ownership, marriage and exchange. Austen challenges a culture whereby the safety of women would be pegged on property they do not have much control over. This way, her fiction foreshadows ecofeminist issues by demonstrating that the health of human relations, gender justice, and ethical relations with place are interdependent. The paper arrives at the conclusion that the works of Austen provide a literary basis at the early years of literature to understand the connection between feminine subjectivity and ecological consciousness.
Keywords: Ecofeminism, Jane Austen, women and nature, patriarchy, property, landscape
| 13 |
Author(s):
Prarthana Shukla, Dr. Megha Ghughaskar.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Law
Page No:
113-120 |
“Uniform Civil Code and Sustainable Development Goal 5: Advancing Gender Equality through Legal Uniformity in India”
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC), envisaged under Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, seeks to replace diverse personal laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption with a common set of secular laws applicable to all citizens. This constitutional directive has significant implications for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), which aims to attain gender equality and empower all women and girls. Personal laws in India, rooted in religious customs and traditions, have often perpetuated gender-based discrimination, particularly in matters of matrimonial rights, succession, and guardianship. The absence of uniformity has resulted in unequal legal protections and outcomes for women across different communities. This abstract examines the UCC as a potential legal mechanism to harmonize civil rights, eliminate discriminatory practices, and ensure substantive equality before the law. By aligning civil laws with constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and non-discrimination, the UCC can contribute to the realization of SDG 5 by strengthening women’s legal autonomy and access to justice. However, the paper also acknowledges concerns related to cultural diversity, religious freedom, and social acceptance. It argues that a gender-just and inclusive approach to the UCC, developed through democratic consultation and sensitivity to pluralism, can serve as a transformative tool for advancing gender equality while respecting constitutional values and international human rights commitments. These inequalities restrict women’s autonomy and access to justice, thereby impeding the realization of SDG 5. This abstract examines the UCC as a mechanism for harmonizing civil laws with constitutional values of equality, dignity, and non-discrimination.
Key words: Uniform Civil Code, gender justice, gender justice, legal reform , cultural diversity etc.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Neha Verma, Naish Zameer.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Law
Page No:
121-128 |
SDG 5 and Gender Equality at the Workplace: Addressing Sexual Harassment of Men in Contemporary Legal and Governance Frameworks
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual harassment at the workplace is widely recognized as a violation of human dignity and a barrier to gender equality, yet discussions and policies often focus primarily on women as victims. This limited perspective overlooks the reality that men also experience sexual harassment in professional environments. Sexual harassment of men may take various forms, including unwelcome verbal remarks, inappropriate physical contact, sexually explicit messages, coercion, and the creation of a hostile or humiliating work atmosphere. Due to deep-rooted gender stereotypes, social stigma, and fear of disbelief or ridicule, male victims frequently underreport such incidents, leading to their continued invisibility.
Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5) aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. While the goal emphasizes women’s empowerment due to historical and structural disadvantages, its broader mandate is the elimination of all forms of gender-based discrimination and violence. Addressing sexual harassment of men is therefore consistent with the fundamental spirit of SDG 5, which promotes equality, dignity, and safe environments for all genders. Gender equality cannot be fully realized if workplace protections and legal frameworks exclude or marginalize male victims.
This not only undermines the principles of equality before law but also weakens efforts to build inclusive and respectful workplaces. This abstract argues that a holistic and inclusive approach to SDG 5 requires recognition of men as potential victims of workplace sexual harassment. Promoting awareness, challenging harmful gender norms, and implementing gender-neutral policies are essential steps toward achieving true gender equality. Ensuring safe, dignified, and equitable workplaces for all individuals are central to the realization of SDG 5 and sustainable development as a whole.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Anand Kumar Ashodhiya.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Humanities
Page No:
129-137 |
अधराजण की हरियाणवी सांग-शैली रागणियाँ: पिंगल शास्त्र एवं लोक-सांस्कृतिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में एक विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन (रागणी 24–30 के संदर्भ में)
Abstract
प्रस्तुत शोध हरियाणवी सांग-परंपरा में अधराजण (रसकपूर) केंद्रित रागनियों 24–30 का पिंगल-शास्त्रीय तथा लोक-सांस्कृतिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में समग्र विश्लेषण करता है। इसका उद्देश्य यह स्पष्ट करना है कि ये रागनियाँ केवल प्रेम-कथा नहीं, बल्कि भावात्मक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक स्तरों पर बहुस्तरीय आख्यान का निर्माण करती हैं। रागनियों का कथात्मक प्रवाह कैद, विरह, आत्म संघर्ष, नैतिक प्रतिरोध और अंततः मृत्यु के माध्यम से एक क्रमिक भाव-यात्रा प्रस्तुत करता है, जो नारी-अस्तित्व के गहन आयामों को उद्घाटित करता है। रसकपूर का चरित्र एक ऐसी स्त्री के रूप में उभरता है, जो प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों में भी सत्य, प्रेम और आत्मगौरव के प्रति अडिग रहती है। छंदात्मक दृष्टि से “4+6+8+10” मात्रा-विन्यास का सतत प्रयोग एक सुसंगठित अनुशासन को दर्शाता है, जो भावों की क्रमिक तीव्रता को आधार प्रदान करता है। ध्रुवपद, तुकांत-विन्यास और ध्वन्यात्मक पुनरावृत्ति काव्य-सौंदर्य के साथ-साथ सांग-परंपरा की मौखिकता और सहभागिता को भी सुदृढ़ करते हैं। सांस्कृतिक स्तर पर धार्मिक समन्वय, गुरु-परंपरा और लोकस्मृति के तत्त्व विशेष रूप से उभरते हैं। रागनी 30 में मृत्यु का प्रसंग इतिहास और मिथक के मध्य सेतु का निर्माण करता है, जहाँ व्यक्तिगत त्रासदी सांस्कृतिक प्रतीक में रूपांतरित हो जाती है। इस प्रकार, यह अध्ययन सिद्ध करता है कि हरियाणवी रागनियाँ भारतीय साहित्य में महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान रखती हैं तथा नारी-विमर्श, उपेक्षित वर्ग-अध्ययन और सांस्कृतिक चिंतन के लिए व्यापक संभावनाएँ प्रस्तुत करती हैं।
| 16 |
Author(s):
Palash Mondal.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Sanskrit
Page No:
138-142 |
वेदेषु नारीणां स्थितिः अधिकाराश्च : एकं विश्लेषणम्
Abstract
वेदाः भारतीयसंस्कृतेः प्राचीनतमाः आधाराः सन्ति, यत्र न केवलं दार्शनिकविचाराः अपितु सामाजिक-नैतिक-शैक्षिकमूल्यानां गम्भीरं विवेचनं प्राप्यते। विशेषतः वेदेषु नारीणाम् अधिकारः सामाजिकस्थानं च महता गौरवेण प्रतिष्ठापितम् अस्ति। ऋग्वेदादिषु चतुर्षु वेदेषु नारीभ्यः पुरुषवदेव ज्ञानार्जनस्य, शिक्षायाः, यज्ञोपवीतसंस्कारस्य तथा वैदिकाध्ययनस्य पूर्णाधिकारः प्रदत्तः आसीत्। वेदेषु गार्गी-मैत्रेयी-लोपामुद्रा-अपाला-सदृशानां विदुषीनां ऋषिकाणां उल्लेखः दृश्यते, येन ज्ञायते यत् स्त्रियः केवलं गृहकर्मणि न, अपितु वैचारिक-आध्यात्मिक-क्षेत्रेषु अपि समानाधिकारेण सक्रियाः आसन्। 'संगच्छध्वं संवदध्वं सं वो मनांसि जानताम्' इति वेदवाक्यं स्त्री-पुरुषयोः सामाजिकसमानतां स्पष्टं करोति। वेदकालीनसमाजे नारीणां कृते उच्चशिक्षायाः अवसरः, विवाहविषये स्वेच्छा, गृहस्थजीवने समानभागित्वं तथा पितृसम्पत्तौ कन्यानां पुत्रवत् उत्तराधिकारः अपि व्यावहारिकरूपेण स्वीकृतः आसीत्। अतः निष्कर्षतः वक्तुं शक्यते यत् वेदाः भारतीयनारीणां अधिकाराणां प्राचीनतमां प्रामाणिकीं च आधारभूमिं प्रस्तूयन्ते। एतद् शोधपत्रं वेदानां परिप्रेक्ष्ये आधुनिकसमाजे नारी-अधिकाराणां प्रासंगिकतां विवृणोति।
| 17 |
Author(s):
Preeti Seth, Dr. Alka Gaur.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Education
Page No:
143-154 |
The Pressure Paradox: How Coaching Centres Simultaneously Enhance and Undermine Students’ Well-being and Academic Performance in District Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh (2025–2026)
Abstract
The present study titled “The Pressure Paradox: How Coaching Centers Simultaneously Enhance and Undermine Student Well-being and Academic Performance” investigates the dual impact of coaching institutions on secondary and senior secondary students in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, during the academic period 2025–2026. In recent years, coaching centers have become an essential component of the Indian education system, particularly for competitive academic preparation. While they are widely recognized for improving academic outcomes, their influence on student mental health and motivation remains a growing concern. The growing dependence on coaching centers among secondary and senior secondary students has significantly reshaped the educational landscape in India.
The study is based on primary data collected from a sample of 150 students, drawn from both urban and rural areas to ensure balanced representation. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on academic performance, stress levels, motivation, and study environment. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, including percentage analysis and comparative assessment.
The findings reveal that coaching centers significantly contribute to academic improvement, However, this academic benefit is accompanied by considerable psychological pressure, Interestingly, despite elevated stress, a large proportion of students demonstrated moderate to high motivation, indicating a complex relationship between pressure and performance. The findings reveal that while coaching centers enhance academic motivation and goal orientation, they simultaneously contribute to increased stress levels, creating a “pressure paradox.” A positive correlation between stress and motivation was observed, indicating that increased motivation often accompanies heightened stress. The study highlights the need for integrating mental health support within coaching environments to ensure holistic student development.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Archana kumari, Dr. Akash Kumar.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Mathematics
Page No:
155-160 |
Exploration of Vedic Mathematics: Its Conceptual Framework, Historical Origins, and Connections with Modern Mathematical Practices
Abstract
Vedic Mathematics weaves a captivating array of mathematical techniques, drawing inspiration from the ancient wisdom of India's Vedas. Rising to prominence in the 20th century, it highlights arithmetic methods deeply embedded in India's vibrant intellectual heritage. Yet, despite its ancient allure, Vedic Mathematics as we know it today is a modern creation, not a direct legacy of the Vedic era. Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji revived and reimagined these techniques from Sanskrit texts between 1911 and 1918, crafting what is now celebrated as Vedic Mathematics. His system, built on sixteen core formulae and several sub-formulae, is renowned for its elegance, independence, and efficiency. Its power to unlock rapid mental calculations has made it a favourite among students preparing for competitive exams and educators seeking dynamic teaching tools. This paper delves into the conceptual foundations, historical development, and contemporary significance of Vedic Mathematics. While its association with the Vedas is more symbolic than literal, its inventive strategies continue to enrich modern approaches to mental computation and algorithmic thinking. By exploring its place in mathematics education, this study reveals how Vedic Mathematics bridges tradition and innovation.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Rabiudzaman Sarkar.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
161-169 |
Shakespeare And The Dark Lady: Desire, Anxiety And Poetic Self-Conflict
Abstract
The Shakespearean sonnets continue to invite critical attention for their exploration of love, beauty, time, betrayal, and poetic identity. Within the sonnet sequence, the Dark Lady poems (Sonnets 127–152) present one of the most complex and controversial dimensions of the poet’s emotional and artistic world. Unlike the earlier Fair Youth sonnets that idealised beauty and spiritualised affection, the Dark Lady sonnets foreground a relationship marked by desire, jealousy, moral conflict, and psychological turmoil. This paper examines the representation of the Dark Lady as a poetic construct through which the sonnets dramatise the tension between passion and reason, attraction and self-reproach, and poetic control and emotional vulnerability.
The study argues that the Dark Lady functions not merely as a biographical figure but as a literary device that allows the poet to interrogate the instability of desire and the limits of idealised love. Through close reading of selected sonnets from the Dark Lady sequence, the paper analyses themes such as sexual jealousy, moral ambivalence, the subversion of Petrarchan conventions, and the poet’s self-reflexive struggle with language and truth. By situating the sonnets within the broader tradition of Renaissance love poetry, the article demonstrates how the Dark Lady poems challenge conventional ideals of beauty and virtue while exposing the contradictions within the poetic self. Ultimately, the paper proposes that the Dark Lady sonnets reveal a more realistic, conflicted, and human vision of love that continues to resonate with modern readers and literary scholarship.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Nidhi Yadav, Dr. Shivendra Singh.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Commerce
Page No:
170-183 |
Influence that Converts: How Credibility and Arguments Turn Views into Purchases
Abstract
This study investigates the psychological mechanisms through which social influences affect purchase intention among digital consumers. The research examines how influencer attributes along with argument quality shape consumer attitudes and drive purchase intention. The researchers have used a quantitative approach for data collection from 398 respondents and analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings show that all dimensions and argument quality have the strongest effect. Consumer Attitude positively effects purchase intention and partially mediates the relationship between influencer characteristics and purchase intention. The result highlights that the influencer marketing literature offers insights for marketers to design effective influencer strategies that encourage consumer attitudes and purchasing intention.
| 21 |
Author(s):
Swarachita Dasgupta.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
184-193 |
An Ecopsychological Understanding of Amitav Ghosh’s Sundarbans Trilogy
Abstract
The presence of ego complicates our understanding of the link existing between the human self and the non-human other, negating the wider connection between the two in the face of the cosmos. This stands as a hindrance in accessing the ever-flowing stream of memory which is not merely a constrictive individualized recollection of sensory experiences but a mode of identification to a collective whole. In the Sundarbans trilogy of Amitav Ghosh, consisting of The Hungry Tide, Gun Island, and Ghost-Eye, the phenomenal nature defies the passivity of a background and foregrounds itself as an active site of the interaction between the human and the non-human. With the coinage of the term Ecopsychology, Theodore Roszak attempted to give shape to the impalpable tie that exists in between humans and the Earth in which they inhabit. It emphasizes on the recognition of the psychological interrelatedness as an essential product of existence on Earth. In my paper, I have attempted to portray how Ghosh’s Sundarbans trilogy adopts Roszak’s Ecopsychology as a means to create awareness about the environment and the marginalized beings who depend on it for their very sustenance. A blend of history, myth and scientific minutiae contributes in revisiting the archives of the collective memory, focusing on the need for peaceful coexistence. Thus, compelling the readers to acknowledge and take charge of the crisis they have plunged their environment into.
| 22 |
Author(s):
Bibek Gope, Dr.Krishna Kalita.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Education
Page No:
194-200 |
A Study of Professional Ethics among Graduate Teachers in Comparative Perspective
Abstract
Every profession has its own professional ethics to maintain rules, standards, and quality of services. It guides the professionals in performing their duties responsibly and maintaining discipline and dignity in their work. The present study emphasis on professional ethics of TET qualified and Non-TET graduate teachers in different provincialized high and higher secondary schools of (Lowkhowa) block in Nagaon district. The study employed a descriptive survey method where 102 graduate teachers were selected by dis-proportionate stratified sampling technique. For collection of data a standardize professional ethics scale is used which developed by Dr. Baldwind B.Sumer and Prof. Ibadani Syiem (2022). Percentage, mean, SD and ‘t’ were calculated to analysis of the data. The findings of the study highlighted that majority of the teachers demonstrated an average or moderate level of professional ethics. A significance difference is found between TET qualified and Non-TET teachers in professional ethics. TET qualified graduate teachers were found strong ethical consciousness than the Non-TET graduate teachers.
Key words: - Professional ethics, Graduate teachers TET, Non-TET,
| 23 |
Author(s):
Pradeep Kumar Tiwari, Shrikant Yadav.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Geography
Page No:
201-216 |
Sustainable Resource Utilization and Rural Development Transformation in Uttar Pradesh: A Geographical Inquiry
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Uttar Pradesh (UP), India's most populous state, houses over 150 million rural residents across 75
districts, yet exhibits sharp spatial disparities in both natural resource availability and rural
development outcomes. This geographical inquiry investigates the relationship between
sustainable resource utilization—specifically land, water, biomass, and human capital—and rural
development transformation across UP's four physiographic regions: Western Plain, Central Plain,
Eastern Plain, and Southern Plateau (Bundelkhand). Using a mixed-method approach combining
secondary data from government sources (CGWB, DACFW, NSSO, SECC 2011), geographical
information system (GIS) mapping, and comparative case study analysis, the study constructs two
composite indices: the Resource Utilization Index (RUI) and the Rural Development
Transformation Index (RDTI). Findings reveal that western UP districts (e.g., Meerut,
Muzaffarnagar) demonstrate high RUI scores (0.72–0.85) associated with groundwater
overexploitation but also high RDTI scores, indicating resource-intensive transformation. Eastern
UP districts show moderate resource potential but low transformation efficiency due to
institutional and infrastructural deficits. Bundelkhand exhibits the lowest RUI (0.31–0.45) and
RDTI, suggesting a poverty-environment trap. The paper concludes that sustainable
transformation requires regionally differentiated policies: aquifer recharge and residue
management in the west; community lift irrigation and soil micronutrient correction in the east;
and rainwater harvesting with millet promotion in Bundelkhand. A unified district-level resource-
livelihoods mission is proposed.
| 24 |
Author(s):
Mrs Meenakshi.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Geography
Page No:
217-226 |
Resilence of India’s food processing sector amid climate change and GST implementation
Abstract
The food processing in India Place a vital role in limbing agriculture production with industrial development and consumer market. It contributes significantly to Employment generation value edition in agriculture,export earning and rural industrialisation . How over the sector is increasing facing challenges from two major transformation climate change and the implementation of the goods and service tax GST, climate change effects agriculture productivity, supply chain stability and the availability of raw materials required for food processing industries. At the same time,the GST reforms introduced a unified tax system that altered logistics, pricing structure and the operational dynamics of the sector.
Aries silent food processing industry is crucial not only for economic growth but also for ensuring food security and sustainable development in India
| 25 |
Author(s):
Ruchi, Dr. Subhash Balhara.
Country:
India
Research Area:
History
Page No:
227-236 |
मध्यकालीन हरियाणा (1206–1526 ई.) में शहरी प्रशासन और सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक चेतना: एक विश्लेषण
Abstract
मध्यकालीन हरियाणा (1206–1526 ई.) में शहरीकरण के साथ-साथ शहरी प्रशासन एवं सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संरचना में भी महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन देखने को मिलते हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य इस काल में विकसित शहरी प्रशासनिक प्रणाली एवं सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक जीवन का समग्र एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन करना है। दिल्ली सल्तनत की स्थापना के पश्चात हरियाणा क्षेत्र प्रशासनिक एवं सैन्य दृष्टि से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण बन गया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप यहाँ के शहर संगठित प्रशासनिक केंद्रों के रूप में विकसित हुए। इस अध्ययन में यह प्रतिपादित किया गया है कि मध्यकालीन शहरी प्रशासन केवल शासन संचालन तक सीमित नहीं था, बल्कि यह सामाजिक संरचना एवं सांस्कृतिक जीवन को भी प्रभावित करता था। कोतवाल, काजी एवं मुहतसिब जैसे प्रशासनिक पदों ने शहरों में कानून-व्यवस्था, न्यायिक प्रणाली एवं बाजार नियंत्रण को व्यवस्थित किया, जिससे शहरी जीवन में स्थिरता एवं अनुशासन स्थापित हुआ। इसके साथ ही, सामाजिक संरचना में विभिन्न वर्गों—जैसे शासक वर्ग, व्यापारी, कारीगर एवं श्रमिक—का स्पष्ट विभाजन दिखाई देता है, जो आर्थिक गतिविधियों एवं प्रशासनिक नियंत्रण से प्रभावित था। सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से मध्यकालीन हरियाणा के शहर विविध सांस्कृतिक परंपराओं के केंद्र थे, जहाँ विभिन्न समुदायों के बीच सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान हुआ। भाषा, साहित्य, परिधान, खान-पान एवं धार्मिक जीवन में इस सांस्कृतिक समन्वय की स्पष्ट झलक मिलती है। यह अध्ययन ऐतिहासिक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धति पर आधारित है, जिसमें प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक स्रोतों के माध्यम से प्रशासन एवं समाज के पारस्परिक संबंधों का विश्लेषण किया गया है।
निष्कर्षतः यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मध्यकालीन हरियाणा में शहरी प्रशासन एवं सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संरचना एक-दूसरे से घनिष्ठ रूप से जुड़ी हुई थीं, तथा प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था ने सामाजिक जीवन को संरचित एवं नियंत्रित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। यह अध्ययन मध्यकालीन शहरी समाज की संरचना को समझने में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देता है।
| 26 |
Author(s):
Cresida Chatterjee.
Country:
India
Research Area:
History
Page No:
237-243 |
From Historical Stigmatisation and Marginalisation to Cultural Preservation of the Sabar Tribe of Purulia District
Abstract
Tribal identity has always faced tremendous challenges since the colonial period. The Khaia Sobor tribe is one of the most exploited tribes of West Bengal, which comes under the PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups). They faced an extreme kind of marginalisation. They didn't have access to the religious places in the village. Often, they were arrested and tortured, but we trace an important role in social upliftment and in the freedom struggle movement of the Manbhum district(Present day Purulia district). They tried to emerge from their social status and protect their culture, but miserably failed. From different facets of materialistic development, they were always considered to be ‘low caste’, ‘Non- Aryan’, ‘dirty’ and ‘unfaithful people’ by the upper caste people and the colonial government. The Kheria Sabar tribe of the Purulia district is such a burning example of caste-based violence and marginalisation. The Kharia Sabar was labelled as a ‘criminal tribe’ during British colonial rule in the colonial documents, and later they faced violence even from the indigenous people. The tribe has lost their soil and presently lives in a multi-ethnic society. Many Sabar activists started working for the development and preservation of their culture. Their cultural assimilation with the Hinduism in the rural society brings forth an interesting transition. Although, we will basically investigate the marginalisation of them along with the loss of culture and will try to investigate how they resisted to preserve it.
| 27 |
Author(s):
Georgy Punnen.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Social Work
Page No:
244-259 |
Educational and Employment Migration from Kerala to the United Kingdom after COVID-19: Experiences, Challenges, and Implications for Social Work Practice
Abstract
This study explores how migration patterns from Kerala, India, to the United Kingdom have changed since the COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on the shift from student visas to Skilled Worker visas. While migration from Kerala has traditionally been directed towards Gulf countries, a noticeable move towards education-led migration followed by employment in the UK has emerged in recent years. Difficult economic and social conditions in Kerala continue to play a key role in driving this trend.
The study is based on a survey of 200 participants. Most respondents were young adults, with 56.5% aged between 26 and 30, and a majority (74%) identifying as women. The main motivation for migration was the search for better job opportunities (43.5%). However, the findings reveal what can be described as a “migration paradox”. Although many migrated with strong qualifications, 91.5% are currently working as healthcare assistants, and 84.5% report a clear mismatch between their qualifications and their current jobs.
The study introduces a “Triple Insecurity Model” to explain the challenges faced by these migrants. This includes three key layers of insecurity: uncertainty about long-term settlement (reported by 91%), difficulties related to employer sponsorship (92%), and experiences of workplace discrimination (95%). Together, these challenges contribute to significant psychological strain and difficulties in adapting to a new cultural environment.
Overall, the findings suggest that current sponsorship systems may disproportionately disadvantage ethnic minority migrants and push skilled individuals into lower-skilled roles. The study highlights the need for timely policy reforms and recommends that social work professionals adopt culturally sensitive approaches to better support migrants from Kerala facing these complex challenges.
| 28 |
Author(s):
पवेंद सिंह.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Political Science
Page No:
260-269 |
21वीं सदी में राजनीतिक पुनर्गठन
Abstract
राजनीतिक पुनर्गठन का तात्पर्य ,वैश्विक राजनीतिक, आर्थिक और सुरक्षा परिवर्तन के संदर्भ में राष्ट्रों द्वारा अपनी दीर्घकालिक रणनीतियां संसाधन और नीतिगत प्राथमिकताओं की पुनर्गठन से है । 21वीं सदी वैश्विक राजनीति, अर्थव्यवस्था और सुरक्षा संरचना में गहन परिवर्तन का कालखंड है। शीत युद्ध उत्तर एक ध्रुवीय विश्व व्यवस्था जिसमें अमेरिका का प्रभुत्व प्रमुख था। अब क्रमश: बहु ध्रुवीय शक्ति संरचना में परिवर्तित हो रही है । जहां चीन, भारत और अन्य उभरती शक्तियां महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रही है । इस परिवर्तन में अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों की पारंपरिक स्वरूप को चुनौती देते हुए राष्ट्रों को अपनी विदेश नीति, आर्थिक रणनीति, सैन्य संरचना, तथा तकनीकी क्षमताओं का पुनर्गठन करने के लिए प्रेरित किया। यह सूट पत्र 21वीं सदी में राजनीतिक पुनर्गठन की प्रक्रिया का विश्लेषण अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों के प्रमुख सिद्धांतों यथार्थवाद, उदारवाद, संरचनावाद तथा जटिल परस्पर निर्भरता की परिपेक्ष में करता है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि वर्तमान वैश्विक परिदृश्य प्रतिस्पर्धा और सहयोग दोनों का सम्मिलित रूप प्रस्तुत करता है। भारत के संदर्भ में यह शोध दर्शाता है कि 'राजनीतिक स्वायत्तता'आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भरता , रक्षा आधुनिकरण और डिजिटल नवाचार के माध्यम से भारत में बदलते वैश्विक परिदृश्य की अनुरूप अपनी नीतियों को पुनर्गठित किया है। राजनीतिक पुनर्गठन एक सतत और बहु आयामी प्रक्रिया है, जिसकी सफलता राष्ट्रों के अनुकूलन क्षमता, संस्थागत सुदृढ़ता तथा संतुलित नीति- निर्माण पर निर्भर करेगी।
| 29 |
Author(s):
Dr. Pinky Singh.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Law
Page No:
270-283 |
Juvenility in Question: A Critical Analysis of Age Determination Mechanisms under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
Abstract
One of the most important decision-making processes in India's juvenile justice system is determining a child's age and, consequently, their legal status as a "juvenile." A completely different institutional and procedural regime is triggered when an accused person is classified as a juvenile under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (JJ Act, 2015), which has significant ramifications for criminal culpability, liberty, and rehabilitation. However, age determination is still plagued by judicial inconsistency, legal uncertainty, and challenging evidence. This essay provides a thorough critical critique of the JJ Act of 2015's age determination framework. The legislative framework governing juvenility, the hierarchy of evidence required for determining age, the development of judicial interpretation from seminal Supreme Court rulings to recent High Court rulings, and the systemic issues undermining the process—such as the lack of trustworthy documentation among marginalised communities and the issue with ossification testing—are all examined.
The study assesses how well India's system upholds the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child's child-rights imperatives by drawing on comparative viewpoints from South Africa, the United States, and England and Wales. In order to improve the integrity, equity, and child-centeredness of the age determination process, it ends with a series of theological and policy proposals.
| 30 |
Author(s):
Dr. Asit Pandit.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Economics
Page No:
284-297 |
Rural Livelihood Pattern in Pingla block of Paschim Medinipur Districts: A Special Reference to Some Villages
Abstract
This study examines the patterns of rural employment and livelihood strategies in Pingla Block of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Rural livelihoods are characterized by a combination of farm and non-farm activities, shaped by seasonal employment, socio-economic constraints, and emerging market opportunities. The study particularly highlights the role of traditional occupations such as agricultural labour, and informal sector activities in sustaining household income. Using a micro-level approach based on primary data, the research analyzes occupational diversification, income sources, and coping strategies adopted by rural households. It also evaluates the impact of institutional support, market access, and skill development on livelihood security. The findings indicate that dependence on agriculture alone is declining, with increasing reliance on non-farm and informal employment due to instability in farm income and limited landholding. However, these diversified strategies often remain survival-oriented rather than growth-oriented. The study concludes that while livelihood diversification enhances resilience, structural constraints such as low wages, informalization, and lack of stable employment continue to hinder sustainable rural development. Policy interventions focusing on skill enhancement, market integration, and rural industrialization are essential for improving livelihood outcomes in Pingla Block.
| 31 |
Author(s):
Richa Sarma, Prof. Garima Kalita.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Humanities
Page No:
298-303 |
Padmā Purān as a Literary Source of Assam’s Diverse Socio-Cultural Manifestations
Abstract
The classics of India, particularly the Puranas, occupy a complex and often contested position within the country’s intellectual and cultural tradition. However, the classical traditions of North East India differ markedly from those of other regions in their relative marginality to Sanskritic canons and their closer engagement with oral narratives, performative traditions, and localized cosmologies. Consequently, North Eastern classics foreground fluid identities, nature-centric worldviews, and community-based ethics, thereby challenging dominant notions of what constitutes the “classical” in Indian literary tradition. According to Emily Greenwood, classics function as foundational or “source” texts for multiple forms and traditions, shaped by existing myths, texts, and modes of reception (Greenwood 43). Among the numerous classics of India, the Padmā purān by Sukabi Narayandeb, not only stands as a classic for its timelessness, cultural centrality and interpretative richness, but also serves as narrative “source” of Assam’s varied socio-cultural practices. The particular research article attempts to highlight how the classic is relevant through sustained circulation—textual, oral, or performative.
Key words: classics, Purana, Padmā purān, “source” text.
| 32 |
Author(s):
Anand Kumar Ashodhiya.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Humanities
Page No:
304-312 |
Feminine Trauma, Cultural Resistance, and Pingal-Structured Social Consciousness in Contemporary Haryanvi Ragni Tradition
Abstract
The present study examines the representation of feminine trauma, cultural resistance, and ethical consciousness in selected contemporary Haryanvi Ragnis composed by Anand Kumar Ashodhiya. Focusing on the compositions “सातमा फेरा,” “निर्भया,” “देश की बेटी म्हारी बेटी,” “रील बणावण के चक्कर में,” “कन्या रतन लक्ष्मी,” and “धोखे की गाथा,” the article investigates how the Haryanvi Saang-Ragni tradition functions as a performative medium of social critique, moral reflection, and regional cultural memory. The study argues that contemporary Haryanvi Ragni has evolved beyond entertainment-oriented folk expression into a vernacular discourse capable of addressing dowry violence, gender insecurity, institutional apathy, digital exhibitionism, emotional commodification, and the fragmentation of social relationships.
The research adopts an interdisciplinary qualitative methodology combining textual interpretation, oral-performance studies, feminist literary criticism, cultural semiotics, and Pingal-based prosodic analysis. Particular attention is given to the interaction between thematic intensity and oral-musical structure. The article demonstrates that Samamatrik rhythmic organization, Yati placement, refrain systems, cadence patterns, and Antya-Anupras structures significantly enhance emotional participation and collective ethical reception during performance.
The study further establishes that these Ragnis preserve indigenous oral aesthetics while simultaneously articulating contemporary social anxieties rooted in North Indian rural and semi-urban life. Through close literary and prosodic analysis, the article identifies a significant gap in existing scholarship concerning the integrated study of feminist folk discourse, oral-performance theory, socio-psychological interpretation, and Pingal prosody within Haryanvi literary traditions. Consequently, the research positions contemporary Haryanvi Ragni as an important archive of regional consciousness, cultural resistance, and vernacular ethical expression within modern Indian folk literature.
| 33 |
Author(s):
Himanshi Yadav.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Hindi
Page No:
313-317 |
गीतांजलि श्री के उपन्यास ‘रेत समाधि’ में तृतीय लिंग विमर्श
Abstract
साहित्य समाज का मार्गदर्शक है, वह समाज के दर्पण के समान उसके सभी पहलुओं को सम्मुख रखता है। समाज प्रायः जिन पक्षों अथवा दोषों को अनदेखा कर देता है, साहित्यकार उन्हीं पहलुओं को अपनी लेखनी से समाज के सामने लाकर उनपर चिंतन-मनन करने को विवश कर देता है। समाज का ऐसा ही अनदेखा किया गया और उपेक्षित-शोषित वर्ग है- तृतीय लिंग वर्ग। तृतीय लिंगी वर्ग के संघर्षों को केंद्र में रखते हुए लिखे गए आधुनिक हिन्दी साहित्य में एक प्रसिद्ध रचना रही है गीतांजलि श्री का उपन्यास ‘रेत समाधि’। यह उपन्यास तृतीय लिंग के यथार्थ का मार्मिक चित्रण करता है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र इस कृति में चित्रित तृतीय लिंगी पात्र के अध्ययन के माध्यम से समाज के तृतीय लिंगी वर्ग के सम्मुख आने वाली सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं सांस्कृतिक समस्याओं, उपेक्षा और अस्वीकृति का अध्ययन करता है।
बीज शब्द- तृतीय लिंग, आजीविका, समाज, अधिकार, सम्मान।
| 34 |
Author(s):
Dr. Swagatika Panda.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Economics
Page No:
318-328 |
MSMEs in the Context of Atmanirbhar Bharat: An Examination
Abstract
The Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of Indian economy and it’s creating noticeable growth rate and generating job possibilities. In many developed and emerging countries, this sector plays a significant role in the economic and social development of the country by promoting entrepreneurship and creating large employment opportunities. The Indian MSMEs sector is crucial to the country’s ambitious goal of becoming self-reliant. However, three key components that are essential for the success of MSMEs are, financial stability, availability of skilled manpower and market competitiveness of their products to achieve import substitution as well as export promotion. In order to achieve the goal of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ or a self-reliant India, it is necessary to strengthen the domestic industries and their standing on a global stage. In this backdrop, the present study analyses the role of MSMEs in achieving the goal of gender equality within the framework of Atmanirbhar Bharat. Utilizing a descriptive methodology, the research is purely based on the secondary data sources which are obtained from academic papers, government publications, and MSMEs Annual Reports, alongside insights from books and various internet sites. The results highlight the MSME sector's significant role in generating employment, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. However, the sector faces challenges like complicated rules, inadequate infrastructure, and limited financial access. The paper concludes by suggesting measures to strengthen the MSME sector, including easier access to credit, infrastructure enhancement, regulatory simplification, and the promotion of skill development programs.
Keywords: MSME, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Entrepreneurship, Employment, Skill Development
JEL Classification: C40, J16, J21, L52, L60
| 35 |
Author(s):
Ibtisam Hasin, Dr. Tilock Ch. Saikia.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
329-339 |
Influence of Dante Alighieri on the Poetry of T. S. Eliot
Abstract
The poetry of T. S. Eliot reflects a profound engagement with the literary, philosophical, and spiritual traditions of the past, among which the influence of Dante Alighieri occupies a central position. Eliot regarded Dante as one of the greatest European poets whose works transcended linguistic and temporal boundaries. This paper explores the influence of Dante on Eliot’s poetry, particularly in terms of imagery, symbolism, spiritual vision, fragmentation, and poetic technique. By analyzing poems such as The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets, the study demonstrates how Eliot adapts Dantean motifs of hell, purgatory, and redemption to portray the spiritual crisis of modern civilization. The research also examines Eliot’s use of intertextuality, mythic structure, and religious symbolism derived from Dante’s Divine Comedy. Through a modernist and post-structuralist perspective, the paper argues that Eliot transforms Dante’s medieval spiritual journey into a representation of modern alienation, fragmentation, and the search for transcendence. Ultimately, the study highlights Dante’s lasting impact on Eliot’s poetic imagination and the evolution of modernist poetry.
| 36 |
Author(s):
Dr. Binita Prahdan.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Law
Page No:
340-347 |
Environmental Judicial Activism in India: An Analysis of Judicial Trends from Past to Present
Abstract
Environmental degradation today is largely driven by human activities rather than natural phenomena. Urbanization, industrialization, and unchecked human interventions are significant contributors to environmental issues such as resource overconsumption, ozone depletion, and global warming. These have led to a global crisis, threatening life support systems. The Indian judiciary has played a crucial role in addressing these issues, providing landmark judgments that promote environmental protection. This paper explores the environmental concerns in India, the constitutional provisions related to the environment, the judicial trends and it also highlights the role of National Green Tribunal as a forum for environmental adjudication.
Key words: Environmental jurisprudence, National Green Tribunal, environmental activism, Public Interest Litigation, Sustainable development
| 37 |
Author(s):
दीप्ति गर्ग, डॉ. ममता भारद्वाज.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Education
Page No:
348-355 |
पंचकोश और नाद योग ध्यान साधना -एक विवेचनात्मक अध्ययन
Abstract
योग का उद्देश्य चित्तवृत्तियों का संशोधन है I महर्षि पातंजलि की योग परिभाषा यही है। पशुप्रवृत्तियों को परिवर्तित कर दिव्य आस्थाओं का स्वरूप दे देने की प्रक्रिया योग है। योग मनुष्य जीवन को सार्थक बनाने वाले साधनों में सबसे उत्तम साधन है। यह मनुष्य को सभी प्रकार के आवरण और विक्षेपों से मुक्त करता हुआ विशुद्ध अंतःकरण वाला बना देता है, जिससे परमात्मा से अभिन्न संबंध अपने आप जुड़ जाता है। योग में अमूक शब्द लगाकर उन्हें भक्ति योग ,नाद योग, ज्ञान योग ,कर्म योग आदि कहा जाता है। नाद योग एक विशिष्ट साधना पद्धति है नाद योग ध्वनि के माध्यम से पंचकोश को प्रभावित करता है। पंचकोश जो मानव व्यक्तित्व की पहचान कराता है इसकी पांच अभिव्यक्तियां -अन्नमय, प्राणमय, मनोमय ,विज्ञानमय ,आनंदमय कोश है। विषयगत विश्लेषण दृष्टिकोण के अंतर्गत पंचकोश एवं नाद योग ध्यान साधना की उत्पत्ति, अवधारणा, पंचकोश अनावरण एवं पंचकोश पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव को जानने के लिए मुख्यतः प्राचीन साहित्य ग्रंथ,शोध प्रबंध,शोध पत्र व लेख, आध्यात्मिक पत्रिका से शोध की समीक्षा की गई है।
| 38 |
Author(s):
Dr. Amandeep Kaur .
Country:
India
Research Area:
Hindi
Page No:
356-363 |
समकालीन हिन्दी उपन्यासों में किन्नर समाज की व्यथा
Abstract
हिन्दी उपन्यासों में किन्नर समाज का चित्रण केवल एक उपेक्षित और हाशिए पर पड़े वर्ग के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि मानवीय संवेदनाओं, सामाजिक संघर्षों तथा अस्तित्वगत पीड़ा के प्रतीक के रूप में किया गया है। भारतीय समाज में किन्नर समुदाय लंबे समय से सामाजिक उपेक्षा, तिरस्कार और भेदभाव का सामना करता आया है। समकालीन हिन्दी उपन्यासकारों ने अपने साहित्य के माध्यम से किन्नरों के जीवन-संघर्ष, उनकी भावनात्मक स्थिति, पहचान के संकट और सामाजिक वास्तविकताओं को अत्यंत संवेदनशीलता एवं प्रभावशीलता के साथ प्रस्तुत किया है।इन उपन्यासों में किन्नर पात्रों को प्रायः परिवार और समाज से बहिष्कृत, शिक्षा तथा रोजगार के अवसरों से वंचित और सम्मानजनक जीवन के लिए निरंतर संघर्ष करते हुए दिखाया गया है। समाज उन्हें केवल उत्सवों और शुभ अवसरों तक सीमित कर देता है, जबकि उनकी मानवीय भावनाओं, अधिकारों और सामाजिक अस्तित्व की अनदेखी की जाती है।हिन्दी उपन्यासों में किन्नर समाज की व्यथा के माध्यम से सामाजिक असमानता, लैंगिक भेदभाव और पहचान के संकट जैसे गंभीर प्रश्नों को उजागर किया गया है। साथ ही, ये रचनाएँ समाज को संवेदनशीलता, समानता और मानवीय दृष्टिकोण अपनाने की प्रेरणा भी देती हैं। इस प्रकार, हिन्दी उपन्यास किन्नर समुदाय की पीड़ा को स्वर प्रदान करने के साथ-साथ सामाजिक चेतना के विकास में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।
| 39 |
Author(s):
Karabi Barman, Dr. Sayanika Deka.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Social Science
Page No:
356-379 |
A Study on Techno-Pedagogical Competency among College Teachers in Nalbari District, Assam
Abstract
Abstract
In this twenty-first century, it is witnessed that many people has rising their interest on technology and they face difficulty to live and work without this. The rapid progress in science and technology has changed the way of teaching-learning process. To work productively; teachers need to adjust properly. Techno-Pedagogy is a method of teaching, where technology and various teaching methods and skills used simultaneously in the classroom. For making lessons more interesting and easily understandable, techno-pedagogical skills help teachers in using computers, the internet, and multimedia effectively. This research seeks to explore the level of Techno-Pedagogical Competency among college teachers, analyze how it varies in terms of gender (male and female) and teaching experience (above 10 years and below 10 years), and explore the dimension-wise differences between male and female teachers. A descriptive-survey method was employed for data collection. 100 college teachers were taken as sample of the study where 50 are Males and 50 are Females. For analyzing the data both Descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation) and inferential statistic (t-test) were used by the investigator.
For collecting data,“Techno-Pedagogical Competency Scale” developed by Mir Rahul Ahmad and Dr. Gulshan Wani (2023) was used by the investigator. Findings revealed that the larger proportion of the teachers’ exhibit above- average levels of Techno-Pedagogical Competence (TPC) and also indicated a significant difference between male and female teachers with respect to this variable.
Keywords: Techno-Pedagogical Competency, College Teachers
| 40 |
Author(s):
बीरेन्द्र किस्कु.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Hindi
Page No:
380-386 |
चन्द्रकांता की कहानियों में वृद्ध विमर्श
Abstract
साहित्यकार का समय और समाज के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध होता है। साहित्य के केन्द्र में मनुष्य होने के कारण वह सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक और राजनीतिक गतिविधियों से प्रभावित होता है। एक लेखक को समय की सभी गतिविधियों से परिचित होना जरूरी है। साहित्य में मनुष्य के सभी वर्ग, वर्ण, धर्म आदि भिन्नताओं के बावजूद एक मानव रूप में एक सामाजिक प्राणी के रूप में ही अवस्थित होता है। रचनाकार का वैयक्तिक जब सामाजिक संवेदनाओं, द्वद्वों से जुड़ जाता है तभी वह साहित्य बन पाता है। रचनाकार पूरे समाज से ही उन्मुख होता ळें साठोत्तरी कहानियों में कई विमर्श आये। प्रेमचंदोत्तर युगीन में जहाँ कथा साहित्य अपने प्रौढ़ स्थिति को पहुँची। वहीं साठोत्तरी में रचनाकारों ने समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों को अपनो कथा साहित्य का आधार बनाना शुरु किया। दलित विमर्ष, स्त्री विमर्श के साथ अब वृद्ध विमर्श पर कथा कहानियाँ रची जाने लगी। वृद्ध विमर्श पर उषा प्रियंवदा, भीष्म साहनी तथा चन्द्रकांता जैसे कहानीकार हुए। हम यहाँ विशेषकर चन्द्रकांता के कहानियों के माध्यम वृद्ध मनोविज्ञान की गहरी पड़ताल करेंगे तथा आधुनिक युग में वृद्धों के जीवन में आर्ह समस्याओं एवं उनके कारणों पर भी चर्चा करेंगे।
| 41 |
Author(s):
Dr. Shupreet singh.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Music
Page No:
387-393 |
सामाजिक रीति-रिवाजों के दौरान प्रचलित विशिष्ट कीर्तन शैलियाँ
Abstract
इस शोध-पत्र में गुरमत संगीत की गायक शैलियों का अध्ययन सामाजिक रीति-रिवाजों के संदर्भ में किया गया है। इसमें यह स्पष्ट किया गया है कि सिख धर्म में जन्म से लेकर मृत्यु तक प्रत्येक जीवन-चरण में गुरबाणी कीर्तन का विशेष स्थान है। विभिन्न सामाजिक अवसरों—जैसे जन्म, सगाई, विवाह (आनंद कारज), मृत्यु संस्कार, गृह प्रवेश, नए कार्य की शुरुआत तथा शैक्षणिक सत्रारंभ—पर विशिष्ट शबदों का गायन एक स्थापित परंपरा के रूप में प्रचलित है।
अध्ययन से यह ज्ञात होता है कि गुरमत संगीत केवल धार्मिक अनुष्ठान का अंग नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक जीवन को आध्यात्मिकता से जोड़ने का माध्यम भी है। प्रत्येक अवसर के अनुरूप चुने गए शबद न केवल भावनाओं की अभिव्यक्ति करते हैं, बल्कि व्यक्ति को ईश्वर से जोड़ते हुए जीवन के मूल्यों—जैसे कृतज्ञता, संतोष, वैराग्य और नाम-स्मरण—की ओर प्रेरित करते हैं।
इसके अतिरिक्त, रैन-सभाई कीर्तन जैसी परंपराएँ गुरमत संगीत की गहराई और सामूहिक आध्यात्मिक अनुभव को दर्शाती हैं। इस प्रकार यह शोध यह स्थापित करता है कि गुरमत संगीत की गायक शैलियाँ सिख जीवन-पद्धति का अभिन्न अंग हैं, जो सामाजिक अवसरों को आध्यात्मिक अर्थ प्रदान करती हैं।
| 42 |
Author(s):
Priya Ravinath.
Country:
India
Research Area:
English
Page No:
394-402 |
From Kurukshetra to Kashi: Myth, Dystopia, and Civilizational Memory in Kalki 2898 AD
Abstract
Kalki 2898 AD (2024), directed by Nag Aswin, reimagines the Mahabharata within a dystopian futuristic landscape shaped by ecological collapse, technological authoritarianism, reproductive control, and civilizational decay. Beginning from the battlefield of Kurukshetra and culminating in the wasteland of futuristic Kashi, the film collapses distinctions between mythological past and apocalyptic future, suggesting that humanity remains trapped within recurring cycles of violence and ethical failure. This paper examines how the film transforms epic memory into a framework for interpreting contemporary anxieties concerning surveillance, biopolitics, environmental destruction, and the commodification of life itself. Drawing upon theories of cultural memory, cyclical temporality, biopolitics, and dystopian studies, the paper argues that Kalki 2898 AD constructs a form of mythic futurism in which ancient archetypes survive within technologically intensified modernity. Through figures such as Ashwatthama, Bhairava, Sumathi, and Supreme Yaskin, the film reworks mythological motifs into dystopian forms while simultaneously engaging with global science-fiction traditions. The paper further explores the symbolic opposition between the extractive dystopia of the Complex and the regenerative possibility represented by Shambala, demonstrating how the film positions mythology not as nostalgic return, but as a living cultural structure capable of interpreting historical and futuristic crises.
| 43 |
Author(s):
Ms. Lucky Dey.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Political Science
Page No:
403-409 |
Women, Conflict and Human Rights Violations: A Gendered Analysis of the Manipur Crisis
Abstract
The northeastern state of Manipur has been characterized by ethnic conflicts, political tensions and a long history of insurgency and militarization. It has witnessed numerous crisis situations that continue even today. This is due to a variety of socio-economic and political factors that have deepened divisions between different communities and groups. During such crisis situations, it is the women that become the most affected and vulnerable section as compared to men. Women face multiple forms of abuse and discrimination, such as sexual violence, rape, slavery, displacement, domestic violence, etc. which has resulted in grave violation of their human rights and also degrade the social fabric of the society. This paper explores the different forms of human rights violation experienced by women during the Manipur crisis. It argues that these violations are not accidental, rather they are systematic in nature and linked to pre-existing gender inequalities that often tend to intensify during conflicts. This paper also studies the gap between legal provisions and their real-world implementation. It highlights the need for a gender-sensitive approach to conflict resolution and measures for safeguarding women’s human rights.
Keywords: women, exploitation, human rights, crisis, manipur
| 44 |
Author(s):
Shubhashree Nag.
Country:
India
Research Area:
Education
Page No:
410-421 |
Artificial Intelligence In Higher Education: Opportunities, Challenges And Ethical Considerations In Indian Context
Abstract
Across many fields—such as education, healthcare, banking, transportation, and manufacturing—Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being adopted more and more to enhance speed, accuracy, and overall efficiency. In higher education specifically, AI has become a common tool for teachers, learners, and support staff, helping with academic, organizational, and institutional tasks. By improving core areas like instruction, assessment, evaluation, and administration, AI is steadily transforming the university landscape. Around the globe, colleges are incorporating AI-powered technologies such as intelligent tutoring systems, learning analytics, chat bots, and adaptive learning platforms to enrich educational methods and offer tailored learning journeys. Although these advancements bring major possibilities, they also raise several issues. Worries regarding data security, responsible usage, technical infrastructure, and digital divides continue to trouble institutions. This paper draws on a review of 25 to 29 academic studies published from 2019 to 2026, sourced from databases like Google Scholar and ERIC. The research examines the opportunities and hurdles associated with AI adoption, as well as relevant ethical issues, and pinpoints current gaps in the literature and broader implications for educational practice in higher education institutions.
